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Introduction to JavaScript Calculator

The Basic intention at the end of this article is to create a simple calculator with the help of JavaScript which can perform all the basic arithmetic operations. Only the key is a valid expression should be passed via input keys to see the results on the output screen.

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An Example is: 42 + 15

In order to build a valid expression, we should be informed about few things i.e. the first input (42), the second input (15) and the operator pressed (+).

Hence, we’ll start with building an object ‘CALC’ which will keep info about all the above three things.

const calc = { dispValue: '0', firstInput: null, waitForSecondInput: false, operator: null, };

The CALC object have all the necessary attributes to check whether a valid expression is passed. Here, dispValue will hold the string value to be shown on the screen, firstInput will hold the first input value, waitForSecondInput is a flag that will check whether the expression is fine or another input needs to be entered, and operator attribute will hold value of operator.

How to Build a JavaScript Calculator?

How to build a javascript calculator? are explain below:

Updating the Display Screen

Initially, the calculator screen will show nothing. We need to pull the value of dispValue attribute on the calculator screen which should be ‘0’ by default. In order to perform the above operation well, we will define a function which will update the value of the screen with the dispValue content. This function will be called whenever there is a need to change the display content within the app.

Here we will visualize the input digits of the user on the calculator screen.

Then replace console.log(‘decimal’, choosen.value); in the eventlistener block with the following code:

inputDecimal(choosen.value); updateDisp(); Managing the Operators

When the user enters the first input and presses any operator:

This stimulates us that the user is all set to input the second number. Hence now we need to save the first number provided by the user and update the calculator display with the relevant number.

Then replace console.log(‘operator’, choosen.value) in the eventlistener block with the following code:

handleOperator(choosen.value); updateDisplay();

When the user enters the first input and presses any operator:

Now the second case is when the user has pressed the second input number and after that an operator button is pressed. So now we have all the values for a valid expression hence we’ll calculate the result and store it in the firstInput attribute and display it on the calculator screen.

Now we’ll modify the function manageOperator accordingly:

Then we’ll create a new object named as performCalc below manageOperator with the listed attributes:

const performCalc = { };

The else if statement attached to manageOperator Function validates if an operator is present already. If yes, then property lookup is executed for the particular operator in the performCalc object and the function matching the operator is then executed.

Output:

Conclusion

This is an exert for making a good working calculator with the help of JavaScript. The HTML and CSS part needs to be written separately for the look and feel part of the app. The above calculator can be made more realistic with adding further functionalities such as when the user enters two operators what to do then, adding operators such as % can make it more like of your android or iPhone like calculator app.

How To Build A Website With Framer Ai?

Framer AI is a form of technology that harnesses the capabilities of artificial intelligence to assist users in building interactive websites and prototypes. It is a versatile tool that can be applied to a wide range of projects, including marketing, websites, design systems, prototyping, and e-commerce. The primary goal of Framer AI is to provide users with a simple and efficient way to produce high-quality work in a short amount of time.

How To Build A Custom Mechanical Keyboard: Part I

If you’re reading this, there’s a good chance that you have been exposed to the world of custom mechanical keyboards through TechTubers or even the mainstream tech media. You have come here seeking one of your own but don’t know where to start. This isn’t surprising because building a custom mechanical keyboard is a complicated niche, and the Internet forums tend to be more confusing than helpful.

If only there were a handy simplified guide good enough to get you started, something that lets you learn the ropes the best way there is to learn anything – that is, by getting your hands dirty. Well, this is that guide.

What Are Custom Mechanical Keyboards?

Before we can break out the screwdriver and soldering iron, we need to get a few things in order. For starters, answering elementary questions such as what’s the point of a custom mechanical keyboard and who is it even meant for? Mechanical keyboards are higher quality alternatives to cheap membrane keyboards found in laptops and desktops alike. The custom part of custom mechanical keyboards comes from two primary aspects that keyboard enthusiasts are most keen about:

Higher quality components

Non-standard keyboard form factors

The need for higher-quality components should be self-explanatory, but custom mechanical keyboards look, sound, and feel better compared to their mass-manufactured counterparts. These keyboards are aesthetically superior thanks to high-quality keycaps that are usually color coordinated with custom sleeved cables and handmade acrylic or wooden wrist rests. Their appeal, however, extends beyond good looks. These keyboards deliver a significantly better typing feel thanks to exotic switches combined with bespoke cases milled out of solid blocks of aircraft grade aluminum.

Choosing the Right Form Factor

Understanding non-standard form factors is the first step toward building a custom keyboard. The nondescript full-size keyboard connected to your desktop computer forms the foundation for all modern derivative form factors. It’s comprised of alphanumerics (alphas for short), which has the alphabet and numbers along with punctuation marks, function row, navigation (nav) cluster, and numpad.

Note: the modifiers (larger sized keys, such as Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Tab, Enter, and more) have also been grouped with the alphas for the sake of simplicity.

Every derivative keyboard form factor is created by omitting one or more of these elements, with each one named relative to the percentage of the full-size keyboard. Tenkeyless (TKL) or 80 percent keyboards, for example, omit the numpad altogether. This form factor is popular with gaming keyboards since it frees up space for a larger mouse pad without forcing gamers to spread their arms out unnaturally.

However, the 60 percent form factor is preferred in the custom mechanical keyboard scene due to its sheer portability and the way it keeps virtually every single key within reach. This is a useful feature for touch typists, who are loath to take their hands off the home row. This form factor does away with everything except the alphanumerics and modifiers, with the function and arrow keys hidden behind a separate layer that can be accessed using a dedicated function key.

The 65 percent form factor is essentially a 60 percent keyboard with a single column of oft-used navigation keys along with the arrow cluster accommodating the existing layout while making the keyboard longer by only a single column. This is a popular choice among keyboard geeks who can’t live without arrow keys.

Then there are crazier form factors such as the diminutive 40 percent keyboard, which is essentially a 60 percent keyboard missing the entire number row and a few modifiers as well. This form factor is also popular with touch typists who claim to be as fast on these keyboards (if not faster) than even full-size keyboards.

Custom Keyboards Need Custom Components

By now you will have some idea about which keyboard form factor you prefer. But you still can’t build a keyboard without knowing what’s inside. Most keyboards are comprised of six major parts. The visible components of the keyboard include keycaps and case, which is the chassis that houses all other components and gives the keyboard its familiar silhouette.

The keycaps are attached to switches, which typically employ a mechanism leveraging electrical contacts to register input. These in turn are soldered onto a PCB. That’s the brain of the keyboard, and it is littered with conductive traces that link all switches to the microcontroller.

Next up is the plate. This is the skeletal support frame that holds the switches firmly in place and prevents the soldered joints from experiencing stress. Finally, stabilisers are either attached to the plate or PCB, and these help stabilise long keys such as space bar, enter, and shift. Without stabilisers, these keys would simply see-saw around the switches.

Knowing the components of a keyboard is one thing, but choosing the right kind calls for greater insight. Let’s take a look at what separates different component varieties.

Keycaps Are Surprisingly Complicated

Keycaps have the greatest bearing on the looks of the keyboard, followed by the sound itself. While you can buy a good set of keycaps for $30, it isn’t uncommon for keyboard enthusiasts to spend upwards of $200 on some high-quality sets. Keycap sets are available in a variety of profiles such as OEM, Cherry, SA, DSA, and MT3. These differ in shape as well as height, while affecting the look, feel, and sound of the keyboard.

The cheapest keycaps are manufactured from ABS plastic and have laser-etched or pad-printed legends. This kind of plastic wears out quicker and develops an unsightly shine over time. The printing is also less durable. The opposite end of the spectrum is populated by keycaps made from PBT plastic, with legends formed using a complicated and expensive double-shot process or dye sublimation. PBT plastics are resistant to wear as well as shine. Legends formed through the dye sublimation or double-shot process are virtually impossible to rub off.

Basic Switch Types Explained

Picking a favorite switch from the hundreds of different options is a deeply subjective and personal experience. That’s a journey of self discovery you must tread on your own.

Case Types and Mounting Styles

The case is the most important factor affecting the build quality as well as the sound of the keyboard. The cheapest cases are manufactured from injection-moulded plastic and generally have poor structural rigidity and fit/finish levels. However, CNC-machined cases made from quality plastics, such as polycarbonate and frosted acrylic, aren’t uncommon either. The most premium cases are machined from solid blocks of aluminum and further reinforced with brass weights. These are widely considered the gold standard in the custom keyboard space.

The choice of case material notwithstanding, the cost and complexity of any custom keyboard is further dictated by the mounting style. As the name suggests, the mounting style of a keyboard decides how the plate (or in some cases the PCB) is mounted to the chassis.

Tray Mount Keyboards Integrated Plate Keyboards Top, Bottom, and Sandwich Mount Keyboards

The third broad type of keyboard mounting is even more complex and costlier to implement, since it needs a two-part chassis in addition to a dedicated plate. This includes the top mount, bottom mount, and sandwich mount keyboards, with each type denoted by the part of the chassis to which the plate is attached. This keyboard construction style provides a consistent sound. What’s more, since the plate is attached to the chassis along the edges, it also opens up the option of using flexible materials such as polycarbonate for those who prefer a softer bottom out.

Gasket Mount Keyboards

Some new (not to mention expensive) custom mechanical keyboards now come with silicone gaskets sandwiched between the plate and the chassis in various combinations of the aforementioned mounting styles. The basic idea is to further isolate the switches from the chassis for a better sound signature and tactile feedback. These are collectively called gasket mount keyboards.

That’s essentially all you need to know in order to move onto the next step towards building your own custom mechanical keyboard – that is, choosing the right parts according to your personal preferences. The next and final installment of this guide will tell you where to find the components and how to put them together.

Related: Choosing a Mechanical Keyboard – Which Mechanical Keyboard Switch Type Is Right for Me?

Nachiket Mhatre

Growing up, Nachiket had a penchant for disassembling household electronics and appliances; most of which couldn’t be reassembled successfully. His parents didn’t approve. These days, he leverages his lifelong pursuit of dissecting gadgets to write about technology. His parents still don’t approve.

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How To Build A Customer Referral Program (With Examples!)

But it can be tough to take something as fluid as referrals and turn it into a manageable program complete with analytics as well as real-time results.

We’ll walk you through the following to help answer these referral program questions:

What is a customer referral program?

Why do small businesses need referral programs?

How do I create a customer referral program?

Three stellar examples of referral programs.

With the right strategy, you can motivate customers to talk about your business and be in control of the process.

What is a customer referral program?

Let’s start with the basics. A customer referral program is a word-of-mouth marketing strategy that encourages your existing customers to refer people to your business.

Customer referral programs can come in different formats–either by incentivizing your current customers through discounts, branded items, or other rewards, or simply by creating a process for asking for referrals.

The benefits of creating a referral program

Why focus on referrals?

First off, 83% of consumers say that they trust recommendations from friends and family when it comes to choosing a product or service. So when you get your customers to do the talking for you, you have a better chance of bringing in new customers through their network.

We’re not just talking fleeting sales, but referrals boost customer loyalty as well. In fact, referred customers are 18% more likely to remain with a business.

In short, some of the main benefits of creating and running a referral program for small businesses include the following:

How to set up a customer referral program for your business

Follow these simple steps to create a customer referral program for your business.

1. Choose your referral incentive

When it comes to the best referral marketing strategies there is no receiving without giving. You have to first decide on a reward that works for your business.

Think like the customer. What kind of offer or incentive will motivate them to talk about your product or service with a family member or friend? Try to answer their question of “What’s in it for me?”

It can be as simple as giving a flat fee in return, or more complex like a point system contest.

For example, in the retail industry, most loyal customers want discounts. Stitch Fix, a subscription clothing service brand ran a referral program capitalizing on this by giving customers a store credit of $25.

Image source

By offering a compelling incentive, you can increase your chances of getting referrals–and growing your customer base!

It is also helpful to think about the typical cost of acquiring a new customer. If you find that you usually end up spending $50 to get a new customer, then giving a $25 discount or gift card would be well worth it to get a new customer through a referral.

2. Make it easy for customers to give referrals

If there’s one thing I’m sure that you’ve learned in running and building a business, it’s this: always make it easy for the customer to give you their money (or in this case, that sales-boosting referral). The aim is to ensure that the process of referring new customers to you and receiving the rewards is as seamless as possible.

There are certain tools that’ll help you implement ease-of-use that we’ll get into later. But here are two primary examples:

Social sharing

Social media is a great (and easy!) way for customers to share information about your business, so you’ll want to ensure that your program is shareable online.

Make sure it’s seamless for the customer to share a referral link or information about your referral program on social sites or over email. You can do this through a customer referral program software, by using special links for referrals, or by creating a referral page on your website.

For example, this resort shares a referral page for those who recently booked a stay with a pre-written message and an easy way to share on social media or through email. They also outline the reward referrers get after completing the action.

Source

Keep it simple

Again, the fewer hoops customers have to jump through the better. Even your most loyal customer will not participate in your program if they get on board only to later discover that there are five more steps they have to go through before getting their referral reward.

3. Promote your referral program

Just like establishing a new product, you need to spread the word about it before you expect anyone to engage. One of the ways to promote your referral program is via time-based or automated email campaigns. With this, you can send post-sale customers an email inviting them to share your referral link to their family or friends for discounts on their next purchase.

You can also promote your referral program on your own social media sites and through your website.

For example, this business promoted its referral program on social media and encouraged its customers to share with their networks.

Source

The business included a special referral page link that allowed customers to easily share on their social sites to get more referrals.

4. Use time-saving tools for your customer referral program

There are plenty of online tools that can help you promote, automate, and set up a customer referral program easily.

Most referral program solutions handle aspects like post-purchase pop-ups, referral widgets on your website, and even embedded signup forms.

Don’t wait to set up your next customer referral program

You now have the tools and confidence to identify the ways a customer referral program can fit your business needs. With a bit of creativity and online support, you can make your old-school word-of-mouth marketing come to life with a full-fledged, measurable referral program.

About the author

Raul Galera is the Partner Manager at ReferralCandy and CandyBar, two tools helping small- and medium-sized businesses run customer referral and loyalty programs. He’s been working in the tech sector for the past seven years and regularly writes about marketing, e-commerce, and tech.

Guest Author

Our guest authors are industry experts, marketers, or business owners who cover a range of topics from sales, marketing, data, and entrepreneurship.

How To Convert A String Into The Lower Case Using Javascript?

This tutorial will teach us to convert the string into the lower case. Programmers can ask themselves why they need to convert the string in the lower case? Let’s understand the answer using the single example.

Suppose you are developing the application and need to take input from the user using the form or either way. Users can type the text in upper case, lower case, or a mix of both. Also, you have stored some values in the lower case in your database, and you need to match them with the user input. If you match the input string without converting it to lower case, it will return a false result as JavaScript is the case-sensitive language.

Using the String toLowerCase() Method

Creating a Custom Function

Using the String toLowerCase() Method

The toLowerCase() method is the built-in library method in JavaScript. We can use it for the string-type variables, which converts all alphabet values into the lower case and doesn’t affect special characters.

Syntax

Users can follow the syntax below to convert the lower case string using the toLowerCase() method.

let text = "Hello world!"; let lower = text.toLowerCase(); Example

In the example below, we have created the two strings. One is a normal string that contains only alphabetical values, and another string contains the special character with the alphabets. We have applied the toLowerCase() method for both strings.

let

output1

document

getElementById

(

“output1”

)

;

let

output2

document

getElementById

(

“output2”

)

;

let

string

“TutorialsPoint”

;

output1

innerHTML

string

toLowerCase

(

)

;

string

“@ TutorialsPoint 123 “

;

output2

innerHTML

string

toLowerCase

(

)

;

In the above output, users can see that toLowerCase() method doesn’t affects the special characters of the string.

Create a Custom Function

In this section, we will create a custom function to convert the string to lower case from scratch without affecting the special characters. We will iterate through the string and convert one by one character to lower case.

Syntax

Users can follow the below syntax to convert strings to lower case.

for

(

let

char

string

)

{

let

value

char

charCodeAt

();

lowerCaseString

String

fromCharCode

(

value

);

}

else

{

lowerCaseString

char

;

}

Algorithm

Users can follow the below algorithm for above syntax.

Step 1 − Iterate through every character of the string.

Step 2 − Get the ASCII value of every character.

Step 3 − If the ASCII value of the character is between 65 and 90, it means the alphabetical character is in the upper case, and we need to convert it to lower case.

Step 4 − If the ASCII value is not between 65 and 90, it means either character is a special character or it is in lower case. So, append it to the new string as it is.

Step 5 − To convert the upper case character to lower case, just add 32 to the ASCII value of the upper case character. For example, the ASCII value of ‘A’ is 65 and ‘a’ is 97 which is equal to 65 + 32.

Example

In this example, we have created the string and implemented the above algorithm to convert the string in lower case. Users can observe the output which contains only lower case string.

let

output1

document

getElementById

(

“output1”

)

;

text

“@ Hello UsER! @#%#! “

;

let

lower

“”

;

for

(

let

char

text

)

{

let

value

char

charCodeAt

(

)

;

lower

String

fromCharCode

(

value

)

;

}

else

{

lower

char

;

}

output1

innerHTML

lower

;

In this tutorial, we have learned to convert string to lower case. We can use the buit-in method which is toLowerCasse() to achieve our goal, but if you are a fresher, you also need go through the second approach as interview can ask you to convert string to lower case without using the library function.

How To Build A Startup Team With An Entrepreneurial Mindset

Much of your startup’s success will depend on the quality and integrity of the team you put together.

With talented, committed, hardworking people, even a merely decent idea can turn into something groundbreaking. Conversely, even a great idea can struggle to survive if it doesn’t have a solid team in place to support it.

Apparently, you will want to work hard to select the proper people for your group — people with a strong experiential background, evidence of considerable talent, and real passion for the small business. But past this, you are going to want to work consciously to equip your staff with the ideal mindsets and philosophies to direct them to successful, innovative function.

When there are conflicting remarks for which sort of business culture functions “finest,” there is no denying that your organization can (and probably will) benefit in developing a group having an “entrepreneurial mindset” However, what’s this mentality, and how do you build it from scratch?

What Is an “Entrepreneurial Mindset?”

Let us begin with a description of this “entrepreneurial mindset” That is an internalized mindset, philosophy, and method of working inside the members of the group that imitates what the many ambitious entrepreneurs have a tendency to feel.

The mindset includes:

Creativity

Entrepreneurs are imaginative forms. They would like to create new thoughts, modify present ones, and think of innovative new approaches to take care of problems. They are not afraid to think outside the box and test new theories — even if they don’t workout.

They also want to encourage and promote innovative ideas from different folks, supplying feedback, leadership, and motivation for their own teammates.

Autonomy and independence

Also read: 9 Best Cybersecurity Companies in the World

Change and expansion

To be an entrepreneur is to take the significance of growth and change. The only means for the company to reach more people and earn more cash will be to evolve; which usually means adding new services and products, changing internal procedures, and at times, pivoting the whole brand.

Change and growth

To be an entrepreneur is to accept the importance of change and growth. The only way for your business to reach more people and make more money is to evolve; that means adding new products and services, changing internal processes, and sometimes, pivoting the entire brand.

Experimentation and adaptation

You most likely already know how important it’s to stay flexible and elastic when developing your company. Additionally, it is essential for your own workforce. Having an entrepreneurial mindset, your group of workers will be more inclined to experiment with various strategies and adapt to new situations.

Ambitious problem solving

Successful small business owners are mostly ambitious problem solvers; they know there is some weakness or obstacle on earth and so are pushed to “fix it” With this mindset, your workers will be more inclined to demonstrate excitement when solving issues and increasing to meet challenges.

The Value of an Entrepreneurial Team

So what is the actual worth of an entrepreneurial group?

For starters, you are able to cut down direct management and supervision. When all members of the staff feel as though they have an immediate effect on their work surroundings, and if they’re permitted to perform their best they do not need as much leadership or supervision.

Rather than looking over their shoulder, providing them job information, or micromanaging your workers, you may set priorities to them, trust that they are likely to work toward them and shift your focus to more important things. This lends itself to a much less anxious, more inviting office — and enables you to be more effective whilst handling the most crucial projects to your startup.

They are more inclined to offer ideas, provide constructive criticism, and supply meaningful feedback to one another. Such an environment makes it a lot easier to recognize and eliminate bad thoughts (before it is too late), while concurrently establishing the preparation for the demonstration of highly inventive theories.

Furthermore, startups will need to maintain adapting if they are likely to remain alive. As time passes, your target audience may change, you may face new competitors, and new challenges will sabotage your prior strategies.

The only real way forward would be to accommodate, integrating new systems and procedures and altering your infrastructure.

Also read: 2023’s Top 10 Business Process Management Software

How to Build a Startup Team With an Entrepreneurial Mindset

Now for the big question — how do you construct an whole startup team using a baked-in entrepreneurial mindset?

Create the culture

Everything stems from your business culture. Before you apply any of these approaches, be sure to get a good idea for what you really would like your business culture to be. What’s the “perfect” employee mindset? How should this mentality be fostered? What principles exist, if any, to apply this? Document your business culture guidelines .

Choose the right candidates.

Using a civilization record set up, you will find it a lot simpler to interview applicants — and also discover whether they are a fantastic match for this particular environment. Even when they have a good deal of ability and expertise, they might not thrive in an entrepreneurial office; figure out this early, before you hire somebody.

Lead by example

You are the chief , therefore set the tone. People will follow your case. No matter customs you need your workers to practice, integrate them into your daily work.

Nurture in the top down

You are not the sole leader in your business, so be certain that you choose and encourage powerful leaders that will embody and disperse your desirable entrepreneurial culture from the top down.

Encourage independent management and decision making

From time to time, workers might need to conduct their thought “the ladder up” prior to taking action. However, as much as you can, it is important to promote freedom and independent decision making. Enable your employees to make their own conclusions, set their own objectives, and devise their own strategies to get the job done.

Stimulate creativity

Also read: What Is Forex Trade? 5 Untold Forex Trading Benefits + Expert Tips For Higher Forex Profit

Get everyone to contribute in meetings

Encourage every member of your staff to contribute on your own meetings. More subscribers will foster a feeling of openness and collaborative sharing; additionally, it will help you ferret out the very best thoughts, which might be held back by anxious participants.

Reward Excellent thoughts

When a part of your group includes a fantastic thought or solves a intricate issue, reward them and praise them. It’ll encourage further concept creation later on and inspire other staff members to market their particular thoughts.

Respect bad ideas

It isn’t simply about excellent thoughts; it is also important to bear and even admire poor thoughts. Whenever someone volunteers a suspicious idea or leaves a bad choice, show your service. Feel free to provide criticism and feedback, but do not make the individual feel terrible for wanting to do something helpful or creative.

Stay adaptive

Even the most innovative, disruptive businesses will be those which could accommodate. Encourage your staff members to stay likewise flexible, maintaining an open mind for new ideas and being prepared to change if necessary

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