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Introduction to MySQL SubstringMySQL Substring () function extracts the substring in the given string. We extract the substring from the given string by specifying the position of the string. The specification of the substring that needs to be extracted by the arguments that we pass in the function.
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MySQL Substring () function usually consists of three arguments first part is for the string. The second part is to specify the starting point from where you are willing to trim the data. The third part is the length of the substring which means the number of characters we are trying to extract from the string.
In this session, let us learn more about Substring usage and syntax, along with an example:
SyntaxSyntax of the substring () function is as below: –
substring(String_value, starting_position, length_of_characters);starting_position: It is a required argument. Here we specify the position of the string from where we plan to extract. It can be a positive or negative value. Positive value extracts from the beginning. Negative extracts from the end of the string.
Length_of_characters: It can be optional. We can either specify the length of the substring that we are willing to extract or leave it. The whole length string will be extracted from the “starting_position” value if we don’t specify.
How does MySQL Substring () work?Now let us see how the substring function works.
With just two arguments:
SELECT SUBSTRING('MySQL SUBSTRING',-10) AS OUTPUT;Output:
SELECT SUBSTRING('MySQL SUBSTRING',10) AS OUTPUT;Output:
SELECT SUBSTRING('MySQL SUBSTRING TEST FUNCTION',10) AS OUTPUT;Output:
Three arguments:
Example:
SELECT SUBSTRING('MySQL SUBSTRING TEST FUNCTION',10,6) AS OUTPUT;Output:
Example:
SELECT SUBSTRING('MySQL SUBSTRING TEST FUNCTION',-1,10)AS OUTPUT;Output:
Example:
SELECT SUBSTRING('MySQL SUBSTRING TEST FUNCTION',1,10) AS OUTPUT;Output:
Examples of MySQL SubstringIf we check the above example, we can see that we have used a positive value in the position. Here it is substring from the starting one position to 10.
Example #1Let us create a table and apply the substring function on it: –
Create table test_substring ( Serial_number int, Company_name VARCHAR(50) );Insert data into the table: –
insert into test_substring values (1,'corporation HP'); insert into test_substring values (2,'corporation Microsoft'); insert into test_substring values (3,'corporation General Motors'); insert into test_substring values (4,'corporation General electric'); insert into test_substring values (5,'corporation Granite'); insert into test_substring values (6,'corporation Fedex'); insert into test_substring values (7,'corporation Yahoo'); insert into test_substring values (8,'corporation Ikea');Select the values from the above table: –
select * from test_substring;Output:
Now let us extract the company name from the above “Company_name” column, excluding the string “corporation” in the entire column.
select *,SUBSTRING(Company_name , 13, 20)AS Organisation from test_substring;Output:
select *,SUBSTRING(Company_name ,-7, 20)AS Organisation from test_substring;Output:
Example #2Let us create another table to extract the code from the table: –
create table code_values ( codeno int, code_message VARCHAR(5) );Insert values into the tables: –
insert into code_values values (1,'Code: 45672 is generated for the error'); insert into code_values values (2,'Code: 23672 is generated for the error'); insert into code_values values (3,'Code: 46672 is generated for the error'); insert into code_values values (4,'Code: 76672 is generated for the error'); insert into code_values values (5,'Code: 98672 is generated for the error'); insert into code_values values (6,'Code: 12672 is generated for the error'); insert into code_values values (7,'Code: 76672 is generated for the error'); insert into code_values values (8,'Code: 34672 is generated for the error');Now let us select the data: –
select * from code_values;Output:
Now let us extract only the code value from the “code_message” column.
select *,SUBSTRING(code_message, 7,6)as code from code_values;Output:
ConclusionMySQL Substring () function extracts the substring in the given string. We extract the substring from the given string by specifying the position of the string. The substring specification needs to be extracted by the arguments that we pass in the function.
MySQL Substring () function usually consists of three arguments first part is for the string. The second part is to specify the starting point from where you are willing to trim the data. The third part is the length of the substring which means the number of characters we are trying to extract from the string.
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You're reading Learn How Does Mysql Substring () Work?
Learn How Does Mongodb Skip() Method Work?
Introduction to MongoDB Skip()
MongoDB skip() is used when we required a certain number of results after a certain number of documents simultaneously we have use skip method in MongoDB. If we want to skip a certain number of documents from the collection, skip method will skip the specified documents that we have used with the MongoDB skip method. Skip method in MongoDB will same as an offset used in SQL language, we can also use skip method with the limit. After using the skip method with a limit in MongoDB, it will skip the specified number of documents, and then it will return the result. In this topic, we are going to learn about MongoDB Skip().
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Syntax1. Skip method
db.collection_name.find ().skip(number of documents that we have skipping)
2. Skip method with a limit
db.collection_name.find ().skip(number of documents that we have skipping).limit(number of documents that we have fetching)
3. Skip method with limit and pretty method
db.collection_name.find ().skip().limit().pretty();
Below is the parameter description syntax of the MongoDB skip method.
1. Collection name: Collection name is defined as that we have used to fetch the data along with the skip method. We can use any collection name to fetch the data from the collection. We have also use limit and pretty method with skip to fetch the data from the collection.
2. Find: Find method is used with the collection name to fetch the documents using the skip method. If we have not used any skip and limit with the find method, it will return all the collection documents.
3. Limit: The limit method is used to fetch the specific number of the document from the collection. We can use the limit method with the skip method to skip the specific number of documents and return the document of the limited number after skipping the documents.
4. Pretty: Pretty method is used with the skip method to retrieve the result of the collection in formatted order. The pretty method is handy and important.
How does MongoDB Skip() method work?
Below is the working of the skip method in MongoDB.
The limit method will be used to return the maximum number of results from the collection, while the skip method is used to skip the number of documents from the collection in MongoDB.
If we have one collection name as a student, student collection contains a hundred documents in it.
In student collection, we have to fetch data as 10 documents; simultaneously, we have used collection limits. But the limit will fetch the data as starting 10 documents.
When we have fetching data from the series as 11 to 50 then the limit is not working simultaneously, then at that time we have use limit with the number as 40, and skip is used with the number as 10.
After using skip with 10, it will skip the first 10 documents from the collection and retrieved result of documents after 10.
If we have not used limit with skip then only the first 10 documents are skipped, after skipping 10 documents, all 90 documents result will be retrieved in result set.
Skip method with find method is not display the result in a formatted way, to display the result with formatted way then we have used a pretty method with a skip in MongoDB.
Skip in MongoDB will skip the specified number of documents that were pass documents into the first stage, and remaining documents will pass into the next stage in the pipeline order.
Skip in MongoDB will have the following form are as follows.
The negative number is not allowed with a skip in MongoDB; it will display the message as “Skip value must be non-negative but received: -1”.
In the below example, we have used value as -1 with skip method; it will not display the output result because the negative value is not allowed in the skip method.
We need to define only a positive number with the skip method when retrieving data from the collection.
db.test_skip.find().skip(-1)
Examples of MongoDB Skip()Below is the example of the skip method in MongoDB.
Example #1 – Skip methoddb.test_skip. find(). skip (5)
In the above example, we have skipped the first five documents from the test_skip collection. After skipping 5 documents remaining all the documents will display in output as a result.
Example #2 – Skip method with a limitdb.test_skip. find(). skip (5). limit (5)
In the above example, we have skipped the first five documents from the test_skip collection, and also we have used limit as 5 with the skip method. After using limit with a skip, it will display documents from the id 6 to id 10.
Example #3 – Skip method with limit and prettyIn the below example, we have to retrieve documents using the limit method with the skip and pretty method in MongoDB.
After using the pretty method, documents will be displayed in formatted order.
db.test_skip. find(). skip (8). limit (2). pretty ()
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to MongoDB Skip(). Here we discuss how MongoDB Skip() method works with appropriate syntax with respective examples for better understanding. You may also look at the following articles to learn more –
How Does Kubernetes Deployment Work?
Introduction to Kubernetes Deployment
In Kubernetes, Deployment is used to provide declarative updates to Pods as well as ReplicaSets. Also, a Deployment Controller is the higher version of a Replication Controller, as it Removes, Adds, Updates Pods in ReplicaSets. We need this to work faster and dynamically when we have ReplicaSets with tens of pods, and we are in need to modify them. By using Kubernetes Deployment, this can be achieved with very little effort if used in a correct way.
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What is Kubernetes Deployment?
Kubernetes Deployment works based on the specification YAML file, and you describe a required state in that. Then Deployment Controller changes the current state of Pods or ReplicaSets to the required state. We can define Deployments to create new ReplicaSets or to delete existing ReplicaSets or many other operations.
In Kubernetes, Deployment is the recommended way to deploy a Pod or RS. It represents a set of multiple pods which are identical in configuration but have unique identities. Deployment runs multiple replicas of your application, also automatically scales in or out the number of pods.
Also, when doing scaling, it also ensures that your application is UP at a moment of time by limiting its actions on few pods at a time.
Deployments are managed by Deployment Controller, which uses a pod template where specifications are mentioned for pods. This specification is in YAML format. In this YAML, you can mention how a Pod or ReplicaSet should look like, what application should run inside containers, which volumes should be mounted inside containers etc.
When a Deployment change and is applied, then Pods will be automatically created. Older Pods will be removed with controller speed.
How does Kubernetes Deployment Works?We should know Kubernetes’s way of working before we start using Deployment. Also, to work with Kubernetes Deployment, we need to have a Kubernetes environment which should contain at least below, even when you are doing a lab setup:
Kubernetes Cluster with Pods.
Kubectl command line.
If you have more than one node in your cluster, then networking should be working.
Kubernetes version should be higher than 9.
Also, for creating a specification YAML file to work with Deployment, it must have these fields known beforehand and should be mentioned in the Deployment specification YAML file.
apiVersion: To tell the api version.
kind: This must be Deployment.
metadata: Under this, you specify details of Deployment.
name: This specifies the name of Deployment.
Spec: Fields under this specify the labels to match and a number of replicas to.
selector: Under this field, you mention which labels to match before doing any scaling.
selector.matchLabels: These are the labels in key-value pair form.
replicas: The number of pods to create.
template: The pod’s template specification, labels to attach to pods, come under.
spec: Image and version etc., come under this.
metadata.labels: Labeling of pods in key-value pair.
When you apply this file using Kubectl like below:
kubectl apply –f deploy.yamlYour Deployment will create and command will give you output like below:
Now, if you check the number of pods running, you will see the same number of pods have been created, which you specified in spec.replica field (two in this case).
kubectl get podsAlso, you can wait a few seconds or minutes as per your number of pods to see output like below, where all your pods are ready to use.
kubectl get deploymentsWhen you check, you can see the ReplicaSet is created, the command to check, the output is like below:
kubectl get rsCheck the labels of the pods created, which is the same which you mentioned in Deployment’s YAML file.
kubectl get pods --show-labels Examples of Kubernetes DeploymentIn Kubernetes, when working with Deployment, we can perform many operations. A few of them are listed below. The list is long but not exhaustive.
To rollout an RS.
Pause the Deployment to apply multiple fixes in the YAML file and then resume to start a new rollout.
Removing old Pods or RS that are not needed.
New State Declaration for pods.
Rollback to an older version.
Scale up the Deployment to add more pods for the load.
Now, we can see few examples of working with Deployment, by which you can understand it in more detail:
Example #1 – Creating a Deployment
Create a Deployment YAML file like below, where you specify that you need 2 pods with redis image and container name start as redis and labeled with “name: redis.”
Apply this file using Kubectl. The output should be like below:
kubectl apply –f deploy.yaml
Now when you check the current Pod’s status, you will see Pods starts.
kubectl get pods
After some time, you can see all running if no issue.
kubectl get pods
Deployment works as rollout so its status can be checked as:
Example #2 – Updating the Deployment
For updating an existing Deployment like the one created in the previous example, you need to do the below. Change the Deployment YAML file. In this case, we changed the chúng tôi only from redis to redis-1.
cat deploy.yaml
Apply this YAML file using.
kubectl apply –f deploy.yaml
You will see old pods being terminating slowly and new pods being.
kubectl get pods
After some time, you get new pods, uniquely identified by the hash value attached to the end of pod’s.
kubectl get pods
Also, in events, you can see that containers with new names got.
Example #3 – Scaling out the Replica CountIn peak hours, you will get a heavy load, and you need additional pods; deployment does that easily like below:
Create a Deployment YAML file like below where you have modified the replica field from 2 to.
Use Kubectl to apply.
kubectl apply –f deploy.yaml
Check Deployment status. You will find now five pods running under this.
kubectl get deployment
New pods have been added, check by the AGE.
Example #4 – Deleting a DeploymentWhen Pods are not needed and so is Deployment, you can delete it simply using Kubectl.
Get Deployment status and pods running under it.
kubectl get deployments
Use Kubectl like below to delete the.
kubectl delete deployments redis-deploy-examCheck the current pod’s status. You will see Pods under termination.
kubectl get podCheck again, and you will not find any.
kubectl get pod ConclusionKubernetes Deployment is the preferred way to create a replicated application, which in turn uses a ReplicaSet (RS), which then works on Pods under it. Using Deployment efficiently makes your rollouts smooth and super easy. All you need to know is how it works and do good preparation. Features like Rolling Back A Deployment saves you in case of an unsuccessful upgrade and similar scenarios.
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How Does Javascript Object.is() Work
Introduction to JavaScript object.is()
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Syntax:
In the javascript client-side validation code, it can validate the conditions in the browser itself. Checking the server side’s conditions for each client request is unnecessary. Among these, it can validate using some default methods and their syntax for code redundancy and reduce the complexity of the application.
var v1=””; var v2=””; document.write(Object.is(v1, v2)); —some javascript logics—
The aforementioned codes represent the Object’s basic syntax. In the script, there is a () method that can be used for validation reasons, such as validating the conditions with alternative sequences.
How does JavaScript object.is() method works?The javascript Object.is() method is typically used to determine whether the values of two datatypes should be compared and to display the result in the browser. The two datatype values may be in any format, like string, integer, etc. Sometimes it includes both zeros and non-zero numbers in the variable values in these default method Objects.is(). We also validate the values in the single variable itself if suppose the variable contains key values pair. It may be an integer, strings, special characters or symbols, etc.
I suppose we are not using the Object.is() method, and we used “===” three equals operators, also called the strict comparison operator in the javascript. When we compared the chúng tôi and strict comparison operator, it behaves only with the exact scenarios, and the same will be fetching the values like NaN and +0/-0, i.e.). It uses the operators like positive and negative symbols in variable values. Because of Object.is() method. When we compare these values, the outcome will be undefined, null, or both types of values are either true or false, like a Boolean condition if both values are in string format and we have already calculated the string lengths. It’s also the same, and characters are also the same in the same order; it’s also an important condition; another important one is both variables are in the string format has the same object, which means both the objects have the same reference.
Examples to Implement JavaScript object.is()Below are the examples :
Example #1if (!Object.is) { Object.is = function(i, j) { if (i === j) { } else { return i !== i && j !== j; } }; } var first = { p: 1,q:3,r:4 }; var second = { a: 5,b:6,c:4 }; document.write(Object.is(first, second)); document.write(Object.is(first, second));
Output:
Example #2Code:
if (!Object.is) { Object.is = function(i, j) { if (i === j) { } else { return i !== i && j !== j; } }; } document.write(Object.is(‘sivaraman’, ‘srn’)); document.write(Object.is(‘arun’, ‘arun’)); document.write(Object.is(‘dadf’, ‘ddff’)); document.write(Object.is(‘sdafd’, ‘dafd’)); document.write(Object.is(‘ssd’, ‘ssd’)); document.write(Object.is(‘sdd’, ‘arsun’)); document.write(Object.is(‘sd’, ‘dsv’)); document.write(Object.is(‘dsfv’, ‘dsfd’)); document.write(Object.is(‘ds’, ‘dsfd’)); document.write(Object.is([], [])); document.write(Object.is(‘sivaraman’, 098)); document.write(Object.is(‘sivaraman’, 0978)); document.write(Object.is(‘sivaraman’, 0985)); document.write(Object.is(‘sivaraman’, 0938)); document.write(Object.is(NaN, 0/0)); document.write(Object.is(‘sivaraman’, 0928)); document.write(Object.is(NaN, 0/0)); document.write(Object.is(NaN, 0/0)); document.write(Object.is(NaN, 0/0));
Output:
Example #3if (!Object.is) { Object.is = function(i, j) { if (i === j) { } else { return i !== i && j !== j; } }; } var first = { p: 1,q:3,r:4,’sivaraman’:’srn’,’arun’:’arun’,’dadf’:’ddff’,’sdafd’:’dafd’,’ssd’:’ssd’,’sdd’:’arsun’,’sd’:’dsv’,’dsfv’:’dsfd’,’ds’:’dsfd’,’sivaraman’:098,’sivaraman’:0978,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,NaN:0/0,'[]’:'[]’,’-0′:’0′,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’sivaraman’:0985,’sivaraman’:0938,’sivaraman’:0928,’arun’:’arun’,’dadf’:’ddff’,’sdafd’:’sdafd’,’arun’:’arun’,’dadf’:’ddff’,’sdafd’:’sdafd’,’arun’:’arun’,’dadf’:’ddff’,’sdafd’:’sdafd’,’arun’:’arun’,’dadf’:’ddff’,’sdafd’:’sdafd’ }; document.write(Object.is(first, first));
Output:
Explanation: Based on the user input it will validate the values and then reference the variables and then show the result as Boolean types like true or false. It satisfies all the conditions in the script, whereas it supports strings, numbers, and other special characters.
Advantages to JavaScript object.is()Based on the requirements, we have developed web applications, and also we provide some validation for client perspective and security purposes. At the same time, each default methods of the script have its own merits, and the de-merits main thing merit is the best one because when we take de-merits, it will be the frequency of code lines, and memory consumption takes more.
The benefit of the chúng tôi the () method that allows us can deploy the codes into the reusable modules.
The” ===” operator and Object.is() of the same purpose when we use === operator in the conditional statement; it checks and returns the same values if we use chúng tôi the () method, it also checks the conditions, like the given variable values and its references in the script.
The Reference will be calculated whenever we use chúng tôi the () method; it validates all the characters like strings, numbers, symbols, operators, etc.
It can compare the single datatype variable values and multiple variable values.
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How Does Median Work In Postgresql?
Introduction to PostgreSQL Median
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Syntax and ParameterBelow is the syntax of the median in PostgreSQL:
1. Find the median using percentile_disc (0.5)
Select percentile_disc(0.5) (Percentile disc with 0.5 used to find median from the table column.)within group (order by name_of_table.name_of_table);2. Find the median by creating a function and aggregate
SELECT median (We have calling aggregate function with specifying column name) (name_of_column) AS (alias of column name) FROM name_of_table;Parameter:
Select: We use the “select” operation to retrieve a specified column from the table from which we are calculating the median value.
Name of the column: This is defined as a column name from which we are retrieving the median value.
Name of the table: The name of the table refers to the specific table from which we are calculating the median value based on the column name.
Percentile disc (0.5): We are using percentile_disc (0.5) to find the median from the column. There is no function available like the median, so we are using percentile_disc (0.5) instead of the median.
Median: This is defined as finding the median from the table column. We have to find the median value on the basis of the column which we have used in the median.
Alias of column name: This is defined as using another name of a column displayed in the output.
Within group: The “within group” clause is used to determine the median value from a table column in chúng tôi clause is used to calculate the percentile value from the specified group.
How does Median Work in PostgreSQL?
The median is the calculated value representing the middle point of a series used in the query. We can also use column name instead of series in PostgreSQL.
If suppose we have used a series value as an even number, then the median will return the mean of two values as the median in PostgreSQL.
The median value in PostgreSQL is more representative as compared to the mean value in PostgreSQL.
If suppose we have used the series value as an odd number, then the median will return the middle value as the median in PostgreSQL.
The below example shows that if we have used a series value as an odd number, then the median will return the middle value as the median.
In the below example, the stud1 table contains 11 records, i.e., odd number so the median will return as the 6th number of value from the table.
We have used the id table to find the median from the column.
select * from stud1; select percentile_disc(0.5) within group (order by chúng tôi from stud1;
We create a user-defined median function in PostgreSQL and subsequently use it later.
While creating a function, it will show the median value in PostgreSQL of an even number of series.
We can also calculate the median in PostgreSQL by using the 50th percentile value because there is no built-in function available in PostgreSQL to calculate the median.
We use a within-group clause and order by clause with percentile (0.5). The main use of order by clause in percentile is to sort the value as per order before calculating the median in PostgreSQL.
ExamplesWe are using the function as median_function1 and aggregate as median_function2 to describe an example of the median in PostgreSQL.
Below is the structure of aggregate and function.
sf median_function1 da+ median_function2
Also, we are using the median_function table to describe an example of the median. Below is the median_function table and data.
select * from median_function; d+ median_function;Find the median by creating a function and aggregate.
The below example shows that find the median by creating a function and aggregate. We have already created a function name as median_function1 and an aggregate name as median_function2.
We are using the id column with aggregate as median_function2 to find the median from the median_function table.
SELECT median_function2(id) AS median_value_id FROM median_function;Find the median of even number column values by creating a function and aggregate.
The below example shows that find the median of even number column values by creating a function and aggregate.
We are using the function name as median_function1 and the aggregate name as median_function2.
delete from median_function where id = 12; SELECT median_function2(id) AS median_value_id FROM median_function; select * from median_function;Find the median by using percentile_disc (0.5).
The example below shows that find the median using percentile_disc (0.5).
We use the id column to find the median from the median_function table.
insert into median_function values (11, 111, 'ABC', 'Delhi'); select percentile_disc(0.5) within group (order by median_function.id) from median_function; select * from median_function; Recommended ArticlesWe hope that this EDUCBA information on “PostgreSQL Median” was beneficial to you. You can view EDUCBA’s recommended articles for more information.
How Does Public Key Encryption Work?
What is public key encryption?For many, security remains a mystery that is better left to the professionals. It has been seen as too complex for the layperson to explore or fully understand. While diving into the math of some of the most complex algorithms can be a daunting task, the essence of what makes all of these algorithms work isn’t necessarily out of anyone’s reach. Instead of looking at the minute details of cryptography that most people find either boring or overwhelming, we can look at the concepts that make up public key encryption so that we may understand completely what exactly is protecting us from hackers.
Public key encryption, a concept of public-key cryptography, is a means of exchanging data privately that involves a public and a private key. The public key is seen by everyone (hence the name “public”). However, the private key is only visible to the endpoints that are transmitting the data. Public key encryption is known as an ”asynchronous” algorithm.
What is a synchronous/asynchronous algorithm?If we had to label PKE as an “asynchronous” algorithm, it was done in order to distinguish it from synchronous algorithms. All cryptography uses a key-based system to approach the issue of privacy. The terms “synchronous” and “asynchronous” refer to the ways in which these keys are shared.
Let’s say that you’re trying to send a letter to someone that’s encrypted. The person receiving your letter needs to know how to decipher the entire text to understand what’s in it. How are you going to teach that person to decipher it? You’ll need to meet in secret to get that person the key. This is essentially how synchronous algorithms work. That “meeting in secret” part is a little difficult, because eyes and ears are everywhere. The internet is no different, since snoopers are also able to listen (“sniff”) on your transmissions.
Asynchronous algorithms work differently. There are two components to the formula: public and private. In an asynchronous scenario, you have a box with a lock instead. You send that box to the person you want to send the letter to and with a key that locks it, but doesn’t unlock it. This is known as the public key. Anyone can lock the box. Unlocking it is another story.
You’d only be able to unlock your box with your private key, and each of you have your own that can unlock it. You don’t have to meet in secret or anything, and this eliminates the possibility of someone prying.
What if someone finds out your private key?“If asynchronous encryption is being used to store passwords on most modern databases, why do people still get hacked?” That’s a bit of a mess, isn’t it? This is because hackers still use dastardly methods to get into major databases, either through internal sabotage, social engineering, or outwitting the security behind an employee’s account. Since most companies store private keys on their own servers, they still run the risk of compromising all of their users’ accounts. Some algorithms are also very easy to figure out and unlock regardless of whether the hacker has a private key or not (lock picking, anyone?). This is where public key encryption has its flaw.
There are a few companies out there that try to do something about this issue, including storing private keys across many different servers. But nothing works better than giving someone the ability to create their own private key (given that the private key is strong enough not to be guessed on its own). At this moment, PerfectCloud is the only company employing that solution. It has to since it’s providing a service that deals with very sensitive data from its customers. Unfortunately, I can’t say the same of other alternative services.
How would you approach the private key issue?Miguel Leiva-Gomez
Miguel has been a business growth and technology expert for more than a decade and has written software for even longer. From his little castle in Romania, he presents cold and analytical perspectives to things that affect the tech world.
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