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Equity AccountsAccounts that represent ownership of a company
Written by
CFI Team
Published September 29, 2023
Updated July 7, 2023
What are Equity Accounts?There are several types of equity accounts that combine to make up total shareholders’ equity. These accounts include common stock, preferred stock, contributed surplus, additional paid-in capital, retained earnings, other comprehensive earnings, and treasury stock.
Equity is the amount funded by the owners or shareholders of a company for the initial start-up and continuous operation of a business. Total equity also represents the residual value left in assets after all liabilities have been paid off, and is recorded on the company’s balance sheet. To calculate total equity, simply deduct total liabilities from total assets.
Learn more in CFI’s Free Accounting Fundamentals Course!
Types of Equity AccountsThe seven main equity accounts are:
#1 Common StockCommon stock represents the owners’ or shareholder’s investment in the business as a capital contribution. This account represents the shares that entitle the shareowners to vote and their residual claim on the company’s assets. The value of common stock is equal to the par value of the shares times the number of shares outstanding. For example, 1 million shares with $1 of par value would result in $1 million of common share capital on the balance sheet.
#2 Preferred StockPreferred stock is quite similar to common stock. The preferred stock is a type of share that often has no voting rights, but is guaranteed a cumulative dividend. If the dividend is not paid in one year, then it will accumulate until paid off.
Example: A preferred share of a company is entitled to $5 in cumulative dividends in a year. The company has declared a dividend this year but has not paid dividends for the past two years. The shareholder will receive $15 ($5/year x 3 years) in dividends this year.
#3 Contributed SurplusContributed Surplus represents any amount paid over the par value paid by investors for stocks purchases that have a par value. This account also holds different types of gains and losses resulting in the sale of shares or other complex financial instruments.
Example: The company issues 100,000 $1 par value shares for $10 per share. $100,000 (100,000 shares x $1/share) goes to common stock, and the excess $900,000 (100,000 shares x ($10-$1)) goes to Contributed Surplus.
#4 Additional Paid-In CapitalAdditional Paid-In Capital is another term for contributed surplus, the same as described above.
#5 Retained EarningsRetained Earnings is the portion of net income that is not paid out as dividends to shareholders. It is instead retained for reinvesting in the business or to pay off future obligations.
#6 Other Comprehensive IncomeOther comprehensive income is excluded from net income on the income statement because it consists of income that has not been realized yet. For example, unrealized gains or losses on securities that have not yet been sold are reflected in other comprehensive income. Once the securities are sold, then the realized gain/loss is moved into net income on the income statement.
#7 Treasury Stock (Contra-Equity Account)Treasury stock is a contra-equity account. It represents the amount of common stock that the company has purchased back from investors. This is reflected in the books as a deduction from total equity.
Additional ResourcesThank you for reading this guide to the various types of equity accounts on a company’s balance sheet. To help you on your path to becoming a certified financial analyst, CFI has many additional resources to help you on your way:
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Types And Examples Of Python Validation
Introduction to Python Validation
Whenever the user accepts an input, it needs to be checked for validation which checks if the input data is what we are expecting. The validation can be done in two different ways, that is by using a flag variable or by using try or except which the flag variable will be set to false initially and if we can find out that the input data is what we are expecting the flag status can be set to true and find out what can be done next based on the status of the flag whereas while using try or except, a section of code is tried to run. If there is a negative response, then the except block of code is run.
Types of Validation in PythonThere are three types of validation in python, they are:
Type Check: This validation technique in python is used to check the given input data type. For example, int, float, etc.
Length Check: This validation technique in python is used to check the given input string’s length.
Range Check: This validation technique in python is used to check if a given number falls in between the two numbers.
The syntax for validation in Python is given below:
Syntax using the flag:
flagName = False while not flagName: if [Do check here]: flagName = True else: print('error message')The status of the flag is set to false initially, and the same condition is considered for a while loop to make the statement while not true, and the validation is performed setting the flag to true if the validation condition is satisfied; otherwise, the error message is printed.
Syntax using an exception:
while True: try: [run code that might fail here] break except: print('This is the error message if the code fails') print('run the code from here if code is successfully run in the try block of code above')print(‘run the code from here if code is successfully run in the try block of code above)
We set the condition to be true initially and perform the necessary validation by running a block of code, and if the code fails to perform the validation, an exception is raised displaying the error message and a success message is printed if the try block successfully executes the code.
Examples of Python ValidationExamples of python validation are:
Example #1Python program using a flag to validate if the input given by the user is an integer.#Datatype check.
#Declare a variable validInt which is also considered as flag and set it to false validInt = False #Consider the while condition to be true and prompt the user to enter the input while not validInt: #The user is prompted to enter the input age1 = input('Please enter your age ') #The input entered by the user is checked to see if it’s a digit or a number if age1.isdigit(): #The flag is set to true if the if condition is true validInt = True else: print('The input is not a valid number') #This statement is printed if the input entered by the user is a number print('The entered input is a number and that is ' + str(age1))Output:
Example #2Python program uses flag and exception to validate the type of input given by the user and determine if it lies within a given range. #Range Check.
Code:
#Declare a variable areTeenager which is also considered as flag and set it to false areTeenager = False #Consider the while condition to be true and prompt the user to enter the input while not areTeenager: try: #The user is prompted to enter the input age1 = int(input('Please enter your age ')) #The input entered by the user is checked if it lies between the range specified except: print('The age entered by you is not a valid number between 13 and 19') #This statement is printed if the input entered by the user lies between the range of the number specified print('You are a teenager whose age lies between 13 and 19 and the entered age is ' + str(age1))Output:
Example #3Python program using the flag to check the length of the input string. #Length Check.
Code:
#Declare a variable lenstring which is also considered as flag and set it to false lenstring = False #Consider the while condition to be true and prompt the user to enter the input while not lenstring: password1 = input('Please enter a password consisting of five characters ') #The input entered by the user is checked for its length and if it is below five lenstring = True else: print('The number of characters in the entered password is less than five characters') #This statement is printed if the input entered by the user consists of less than five characters print('The entered password is: ' + password1)Output:
Benefits
Validation in python helps to improve the security of code.
It prevents third-party users from mishandling the code accidentally or intentionally.
It can be used to check if the input data type is correct or not.
It can be used to check if there are no invalid values in the given input.
It can be used to check if the given input lies in the range or is it out of range.
It can be used to check if the given input meets the constraints specified on them.
It can be used to check if the given input is consistent or not.
It can be used to check if the given input is valid.
It can be used to check if the given input is complete or incomplete.
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Importance And Examples Of Net Revenue
Definition of Net Revenue
Net Revenue is the net collection from selling goods or providing services, i.e., from the entity’s business. It is calculated as gross revenue, fewer trade discounts, recoverable taxes, refunds, direct expenses, etc.; in a nutshell, net Revenue is gross Revenue less the cost of goods sold.
ExplanationRevenue is the gross sales from business or gross receipts from the profession. We calculate gross revenue by adding gross sales or collections with direct incomes, such as the sale of scrap, discounts received, etc. In contrast, we deduct the cost of goods sold, which includes the cost of goods purchased, directly attributable expenses, sales returns, etc., from gross revenue.
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For example, the organization made gross sales of $ 5,000 during a period when the cost of purchase was $ 2,500. Also, expenses attributable were labor expenses amounting to $ 500, manufacturing expenses of $ 1,000, and other direct expenses amounting to $ 400. So, in this case, the net Revenue will be $ 5,000 – $ 2,500 – $ 500 – $ 1,000 – $ 400 = $ 600. i.e., it is derived by deducting the purchase cost and direct sales expenses. It is helpful to know the exact Revenue or collection in real terms so that the company can make future investments and plan for expansion or diversification.
The Formula for Net RevenueThe formula for net Revenue is as under:
Net Revenue for The Period = Gross Revenue During the Period – Cost of The Goods Sold During the Period
Where,
Gross Revenue is the sum of bills raised throughout the period.
The cost of goods sold includes the cost of goods related to the sales, for example, purchase, and direct expenses related to purchasing.
It shows whether the sales can generate income or it is showing a loss.
Examples of Net RevenueDifferent examples are mentioned below:
Example #1An Ltd made sales of $ 700,000, and the purchase cost of the goods sold was $ 500,000. During the period, the Sales return was $ 50,000, the purchase Return was $ 70,000, labor expenses were $ 5,000, and the Other Direct costs related to purchasing were $ 7000. Calculate the net Revenue.
Solution:
Effective Sales are calculated as
Effective Sales = Gross Sales – Sales Return
Effective Sales = $700,000 – $50,000
Effective Sales = $650,000
Effective Purchases are calculated as
Effective Purchases = Gross Purchase – Purchase Return
Effective Purchases = $500,000 – $70,000
Effective Purchases = $430,000
The cost of Goods Sold is calculated as
Cost of Goods Sold = Effective Purchases + Labour Expenses + Other Direct Expenses
Cost of Goods Sold = $430,000 + $5,000 + $7,000
Cost of Goods Sold = $442,000
Net Revenue for the period = Gross Revenue During the Period – Cost of the Goods Sold During the Period
Net Revenue = $650,000 – $442,000
Net Revenue = $208,000
Example #2MNP Ltd is a manufacturing company that supplies goods to wholesalers for resale products. Other details are as below:
Particulars
Amount ($)
Sales $800,000
Cost of Raw Material $400,000
Direct labor cost $100,000
Direct manufacturing expenses $50,000
Apart from this, due to fault in manufacturing, the sales of $ 100,000 were returned by the customers. Also, the organization had spent $ 200,000 on replacing a significant part of the machinery. Calculate the net Revenue.
Solution:
Effective Sales are calculated as
Effective Sales = Sales – Sales Return
Effective Sales = $800,000 – $100,000
Effective Sales = $700,000
Cost of Goods Sold = Cost of Raw Material + Direct Labour Cost + Manufacturing Expenses
Cost of Goods Sold = $400,000 + $100,000 + $50,000
Cost of Goods Sold = $550,000
It is calculated as
Net Revenue = Gross Revenue/ Effective Sales – Cost of Goods Sold
Net Revenue = $700,000 – $550,000
Net Revenue = $150,000
The cost of Replacement of part of the machinery is the capital expenditure, and hence it won’t be added to the cost of goods sold.
Importance of Net RevenueSome of the importance is stated as under:
It helps to understand whether the organization can earn the operating income or it is making a net loss.
It aids in establishing the actual net collection.
It helps in getting loans and financial assistance from third parties.
Its calculation helps to assess the better situations of the business.
It guides the managers and decision-makers on whether to expand or diversify.
Advantages
It calculates the net realization of money after netting off the expenses.
It helps the analyst rate the organization, i.e., higher net Revenue, ratings, and investments.
Its determination facilitates effective decision-making, guiding whether Revenue can generate effective income.
It also helps in getting finance from outside parties.
It helps to keep the business.
It increases the value and reputation of the company as it is Revenue in real terms.
It is calculated as gross sales less the cost of goods sold, which might be negative (mostly in the starting phase of business) and can de-motivate the investors to invest.
It does not consider the indirect income as there might be chances that adding indirect income will generate the operating income.
ConclusionIt is calculated as gross Revenue less the cost of goods sold. At the same time, gross Revenue is the total of bills generated during the year or the number of sales or gross receipts shown in the income statement. Gross Revenue is shown as gross sales less recoverable taxes and sales returns, whereas net Revenue is gross revenue fewer purchases, and direct expenses related to purchases. It can be used as a base for borrowings from third parties, banks, and financial institutions and helps keep the organization’s business. However, at the same time, this can negatively affect the business. At the start of business, the organization may generate negative net revenues, but in the long run, it might be able to generate positive net Revenue.
Recommended ArticlesWorking And Examples Of Matlab Textscan()
Introduction to Matlab Textscan
Inbuilt function from MATLAB, textscan() perform the operation of reading formatted data from text file or string, converting and writing data to cell array.Textscan() supports initializing reading from any point in a file. Once the user opens the file, textscan() can start reading from any point instructed by the user. The subsequent textscan() continues reading operation the file when the last textscan() operation is left off.
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SyntaxSyntax Description
C = textscan(fileID,formatSpec) This form of the command textscan() is used to read data from an open text file indicated by fileID into a cell array, C.
C = textscan(fileID,formatSpec,N) This form of the command textscan() is used to read data from an open text file indicated by fileID into a cell array, Cfor theformatSpec, N times. In order to read additional,textscan() can be called using the original fileIDagain.
C = textscan(chr,formatSpec) This form of the command textscan() is used to read data from the character vector ‘chr’ and store it in the cell array ‘C.’ While reading data from character vector, each time, recurring calls to textscan()re-initiate the scan from the beginning. A scan can be resumed from the last position on request for a position output.
Textscan()tries to match the data in ‘chr’ to the format given in the form offormatSpec.
C = textscan(chr,formatSpec,f) This form of the command textscan() is used to read dataforformatSpecf times, where f is a positive integer.
This form of the command textscan() is used to read data specifying options in the form of one or more Name, Value pair arguments.
The return value
For a file- value equals to return value of ftell(fileID)
Examples of Matlab TextscanDifferent examples are mentioned below:
Example #1Code:
chr_str = '0.31 3.24 5.67 6.44 9.17';Scan_str = textscan(chr_str,'%f'); celldisp(Scan_str)
Output:
Example #2Code:
C_data0 = textscan(ID_file,’%d %f %f %f’)
Output:
Example #3Code:
chr_str = 'It is;my code';Scan_str = textscan(chr_str,'%s','Delimiter',';','EmptyValue',-Inf); celldisp(Scan_str)
Output:
Working of TextScan()Textscan()is designed to convert numeric fields to a specific output type, following MATLAB rules with respect to the process of overflow, truncation, and the application of NaN, Inf, and -Inf.
For example, the integer NaNis represented as zero in MATLAB. Therefore, if textscan() encounters an empty field associated with an integer format specifier, it returns the empty value as zero and not NaN.
Resuming a Text ScanIf textscan() fails to convert a data field, it does not proceed with the operation reading and returns the fields read before the failure. When reading from a file, the reading operation from the same file can be resumed by calling textscan() again having the same file identifier, filed, as the first input argument. For a string reading operation carried out by the textscan() method, the syntax of the two-output argument enables the user to resume the reading operation from the string at the point where the last reading operation is terminated. The following code talks about the implementation of this operation.
celldisp(lastpart)
Output:
Thetextscan() and textread() Functions exhibit similar functionalities, but they differ from each other in various aspects such as:
The textscan() function ensures better performance than that oftextread() method. Hence it is a better choice in case of reading large files.
With the textscan() function, the reading operation can be started reading from any point in the file. Once the file is open by the user as it is a prerequisite for textscan() that it requires the user to open the file first, then the user can have access to any position in the file to begin the textscan() at the desired point whereas the textread() function has limited feature of supporting reading operation only from the beginning of any file.
Subsequent textscan() operations start reading of the given file at that point where the earliertextscan() operation is left off. But in the case of the textread() function, it always begins from the beginning of the input file irrespective of the status of the reading operation carried out by any of the prior textread() function call.
Textscan()supports more options on the conversion of the data being read.
Textscan()is equipped with more user-configurable options that that of textread() operation.
Additional NoteExample:
3.7-2.1i
Output:
Example:
-4j
Output:
3. It is not recommended to include embedded white space to a complex number. Textscan() understands an embedded white space as a field delimiter.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to Matlab Textscan. Here we discuss the Working of TextScan() and Examples along with the codes and outputs. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –
Learn The Examples Of Flask Bootstrap
Introduction to Flask bootstrap
Flask bootstrap is defined as a module that enables the packaging of Bootstrap into an extension so that developers are able to use them. This module mainly consists of a blueprint named “bootstrap” and helps in creating links for serving the bootstrap from a Content Delivery Network and has zero boilerplate codings in the application. Bootstrap in itself is the most popular CSS framework used for the development of responsive and mobile-first websites. This tech stack enables the development of faster and easier web applications built by Flask. This module enables developers the allowing them to include of bootstrap JavaScript and bootstrap CSS files into the project. In this article we will look at the transformation bootstrap brings in without changing a single line of the application code.
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SyntaxInstall and configuring it:
pip install bootstrap-flaskImporting Bootstrap in application code
from flask_bootstrap import BootstrapInstantiating the bootstrap using the application instance:
Bootstrap(app)Loading CSS in a template:
{{ bootstrap.load_css() }}Loading JS in a template:
{{ bootstrap.load_js() }} How bootstrap works in Flask?In the current article, we will talk about the latest module available for the employment of bootstrap in a Flask application. This article will not be of much help for the ones who are looking for the flask-bootstrap module. Bootstrap-flask is the module which we will be discussing here in detail. This module is an alternative to the earlier version that supports Bootstrap 4. Though bootstrap-flask is a forking of flask-bootstrap some of the APIs out of which a few of them will be discussed here were changed, deleted, or improved along with fixing of bugs, and inclusion of new macros. We will also briefly talk about migration from flask-bootstrap.
We would need to use the command using pip for installing the respective module i.e. pip install bootstrap-flask. Now eventually you might not land into any error until and unless you have flask-bootstrap also installed. In such a scenario, we would first need to use the command pip to uninstall it and then proceed with the installation of the bootstrap. In scenarios where both the modules are installed, one would need to uninstall them both at the very first step and then install them on the bootstrap-flask. In certain scenarios, if both the modules are required for different projects, the only solution is to use them in separate virtual environments.
Once the module is installed, we would need to import the module into our python code. Once done, we would need to instantiate the bootstrap object bypassing it with the Flask app object. This helps in installing the extension of bootstrap into the Flask app. Now the bootstrap-flask is installed for the Flask application object, there is html that can be inherited to use it as a template. This is achieved through Flask’s template search path. The search is performed in the application’s template folder or in the blueprint’s template folder. The module actually registers a blueprint to the Flask application.
Now there are some available macros in the module, understanding of which is equally important for the full cycle understanding of bootstrap.
Name of the Macro Templates Path Task of the macro
render_field() bootstrap/form.html WTForms form field is rendered
render_form() bootstrap/form.html WTForms form is rendered
render_form_row() bootstrap/form.html Row of a grid form is rendered
render_hidden_errors() bootstrap/form.html Error messages for hidden form field is rendered
render_pager() bootstrap/pagination.html Basic Flask-SQLAlchemy pagniantion is rendered
render_pagination() bootstrap/pagination.html Standard Flask-SQLAlchemy pagination is rendered
render_nav_item() bootstrap/nav.html Navigation item is rendered
render_breadcrumb_item() bootstrap/nav.html Breadcrumb item is rendered
render_static() bootstrap/utils.html
render_messages() bootstrap/utils.html Flashed messages send by flash( ) function is rendered
render_icon() bootstrap/utils.html Bootstrap icon is rendered
render_table() bootstrap/table.html Table with given data is rendered
ExamplesHere are the following examples mention below
Example #1 – Installing bootstrap and configuring itSyntax
pip install bootstrap-flaskOutput:
Example #2 – Importing Bootstrap in application codeSyntax
from flask_bootstrap import BootstrapOutput:
Example #3 – With bootstrap renderedIndex.html:
{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}Home Page{% endblock %} {% block content %} {% endblock %}Python file:
from flask import Flask, render_template from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap appFlask = Flask(__name__) Bootstrap(appFlask) @appFlask.route('/') def index(): return render_template('index.html') if __name__ == '__main__': appFlask.run(debug=True)Output:
Here we see that a layout has been prepared with the html which is actually extended from the chúng tôi layout.
ConclusionIn conclusion, in this article, we have learned about the bootstrap and its configuration along with the application in Flask. We can also use this methodology to include a template without even changing a line in the code of an existing project as well so that developer doesn’t have to start from scratch. The only thing which needs to be kept in mind during the usage is not to keep bootstrap-flask and flask-bootstrap together. Use the one which suits best for the application. Like anytime else, rest is to you for experimentation.
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Learn The Examples Of Sql Synonyms
Introduction to SQL synonyms
The following article provides an outline for SQL synonyms. A synonym in standard query language(SQL) is an identifier that is used to reference another object in the local or remote database server. It basically provides another short and simple name for long, multipart names/locations for database objects such as table, function, view, etc. A synonym acts as an abstraction layer for database objects. It provides additional security by protecting a client application from changes made to the location or name of the base database object. For example, a location such as “db_name.schema_name.table_name” can be simply given a synonym as “table.” It will function in the same manner as the original location/name.
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Syntax and parameters
The basic syntax used for creating a synonym on a database object is as follows :
CREATE SYNONYM synonym_name FOR database_object;The basic syntax used for deleting a synonym on a database object is as follows :
DROP SYNONYM [ IF EXISTS ] synonym_name;The parameters/arguments used in the above-mentioned syntaxes are as follows :
synonym_name: Name of the synonym. Provide a desired name for the database object name or location. It is usually done to simplify or provide a smaller name for an object name/location.
database_object: Name or location of the database object for which you wish to create a synonym. In SQL Server, we can create synonyms for the following types of database objects :
User-defined tables
User-defined views
Stored procedures
Replication filter procedures
Various types of SQL functions: Inline, table-valued, and scalar
Assembly(CLR) objects such as stored procedures, inline functions, scalar functions
Note: We cannot use synonyms for base database objects for some other synonyms. One should also note that a synonym cannot be used as a reference to a user-defined aggregate function.
Having discussed the basic syntax and parameters used for working with synonyms in SQL Server, let’s try a few examples to understand the concept in more detail.
Examples of SQL synonymsGiven below are the examples of SQL synonyms:
Example #1SQL Query to illustrate the creation of a synonym on a database table object.
Consider a dummy table called “students” for illustration purposes. The table is present in the database “practice_db” and is stored in a schema named “dbo.” The table has the following data in it.
/****** Script for SelectTopNRows command from SSMS ******/ SELECT TOP 1000 [roll_no] ,[student_name] ,[degree_major] ,[degree_year] ,[society] FROM [practice_db].[dbo].[students]1. CREATING A SYNONYM
CREATE SYNONYM syn_student FOR practice_db.dbo.students GOThe synonym creation query got executed successfully. We can check if the newly created synonym has been successfully created by going to the object explorer section and looking for the specified synonym under the synonyms header of the concerned database, as shown below.
We can clearly see from the above image that the “syn_student” synonym has been successfully created on the database object “students” table.
In this section, we have learned the creation of a synonym, and in the next section, we will see that synonyms work as well as original names and locations when performing SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, EXECUTE, DELETE, SUB-SELECT statements.
2. USING AND WORKING WITH SYNONYMS
When working with synonyms in SQL Server, the base database object is affected in the same manner as it gets affected when the original name or location of the object is used. For example, if you try to insert a new row or update a column value in the synonym, the said changes will be made in the base object itself.
SELECT * FROM syn_student;Here is a simple SELECT * statement to select all the records from the “students” table using its synonym. By now, you might have observed that the SELECT statement returns the same output as the SELECT statement of the first query of this article.
Now you must be wondering if it is even possible to use the columns of the original database objects using its synonym. The answer to your question is a big “Yes!”. Yes, we can fetch specific columns and records from the said table using its synonym, as shown below.
SELECT student_name, degree_year,society FROM syn_student WHERE degree_major = 'Computer Science Engineering';In this example, we have fetched details such as student_name, degree_year, and society for only students majoring in “computer science engineering,” using the synonym of the student’s table. And as can be seen from the output of the query, the results seem to be correct.
Example #2SQL Query to remove a synonym on a database object.
DROP SYNONYM syn_student;The command got executed successfully, which means the “syn_student” synonym on the “students” table has been successfully deleted.
ConclusionIn this article, we have learned about synonyms and their uses. Synonyms are used as simple identifiers for database objects such as tables, views, stored procedures, and functions. They provide a layer of abstraction for client applications.
Recommended ArticlesWe hope that this EDUCBA information on “SQL synonyms” was beneficial to you. You can view EDUCBA’s recommended articles for more information.
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